Tracking the ultrafast XUV optical properties of x-ray free-electron-laser heated matter with high-order harmonics
Gareth O. Williams
(1, 2)
,
S. Künzel
(3, 2)
,
S. Daboussi
(4)
,
B. Iwan
(5, 6)
,
A. Gonzalez
(7, 8)
,
W. Boutu
(8, 7)
,
V. Hilbert
(6)
,
U. Zastrau
(9)
,
H. Lee
(10)
,
B. Nagler
(11)
,
E. Granados
(11)
,
E. Galtier
(11)
,
P. Heimann
(12)
,
B. Barbrel
(13)
,
G. Dovillaire
(14)
,
R. Lee
(15)
,
J. Dunn
(15)
,
V. Recoules
(16)
,
C. Blancard
(16)
,
P. Renaudin
(16)
,
A. de La Varga
(17)
,
P. Velarde
(17)
,
P. Audebert
(13)
,
H. Merdji
(8, 7)
,
Ph. Zeitoun
(4)
,
M. Fajardo
(18)
1
GoLP/Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear-Laboratório Associado
2 IST / Técnico Lisboa - Instituto Superior Técnico
3 Inst Super Tecn, GoLP Inst Plasmas & Fusao Nucl
4 LOA - Laboratoire d'optique appliquée
5 Institute of optics and quantum electronics
6 Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany]
7 LIDYL - Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (ex SPAM)
8 ATTO - Attophysique
9 XFEL - European XFEL GmbH
10 CWR - Centre for Water Research
11 SLAC - SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
12 LBNL - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley]
13 LULI - Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses
14 Imagine Optic
15 LLNL - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
16 DAM/DIF - DAM Île-de-France
17 Instituto de Fusión Nuclear
18 GoLP/Instituto Superior Tecnico
2 IST / Técnico Lisboa - Instituto Superior Técnico
3 Inst Super Tecn, GoLP Inst Plasmas & Fusao Nucl
4 LOA - Laboratoire d'optique appliquée
5 Institute of optics and quantum electronics
6 Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany]
7 LIDYL - Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (ex SPAM)
8 ATTO - Attophysique
9 XFEL - European XFEL GmbH
10 CWR - Centre for Water Research
11 SLAC - SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
12 LBNL - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley]
13 LULI - Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses
14 Imagine Optic
15 LLNL - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
16 DAM/DIF - DAM Île-de-France
17 Instituto de Fusión Nuclear
18 GoLP/Instituto Superior Tecnico
P. Audebert
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 741794
- IdHAL : patrick-audebert
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1330-3946
Résumé
We present measurements of photon absorption by free electrons as a solid is transformed to plasma. A femtosecond x-ray free-electron laser is used to heat a solid, which separates the electron and ion heating time scales. The changes in absorption are measured with an independent probe pulse created through high-order-harmonic generation. We find an increase in electron temperature to have a relatively small impact on absorption, contrary to several predictions, whereas ion heating increases absorption. We compare the data to current theoretical and numerical approaches and find that a smoother electronic structure yields a better fit to the data, suggestive of a temperature-dependent electronic structure in warm dense matter.