Energy performance and environmental impact of solar photovoltaic, thermal and hybrid PVT panels in an individual house
Résumé
The solar energy market has experienced significant fluctuations due to technological advancements, economic considerations, and regulatory dynamics. Despite widespread efforts, integrating solar technologies into buildings still faces some challenges. An important question in this context is the choice between electrical and thermal recovery systems, which depends on specific building requirements where there is a clear demand for both types of energy. Therefore, the objective of this work is to assess the performance of diverse building integrated solar solutions, i.e. photovoltaic, solar thermal and hybrid photovoltaic and thermal collectors, by defining key performance indicators that encompass both electricity and heat aspects, considering both energy efficiency and environmental impact, and using metrics that follow first and second law of thermodynamics, primary energy and energy equivalence. From an energy performance perspective, exergy and energy equivalence, which evaluates the systems based on their ability to produce useful work or heat-equivalent energy, allows a fairer comparison. From the environmental impact assessment point of view, the study concludes that while solar thermal is the most efficient and environmentally friendly option overall and photovoltaic excels in material efficiency for heat-equivalent energy, the analysis of photovoltaic and thermal is limited as it is based on only one industrial reference, unlike the average panels used for the two other panels.
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