Operating a full tungsten actively cooled tokamak: overview of WEST first phase of operation
J. Bucalossi
(1)
,
J. Achard
(1)
,
O. Agullo
,
T. Alarcon
,
L. Allegretti
,
H. Ancher
,
G. Antar
,
S. Antusch
,
V. Anzallo
,
C. Arnas
,
D. Arranger
,
J.F. Artaud
,
M.H. Aumeunier
,
S.G. Baek
,
X. Bai
,
J. Balbin
,
C. Balorin
,
T. Barbui
,
A. Barbuti
,
J. Barlerin
,
V. Basiuk
,
T. Batal
,
O. Baulaigue
,
A. Bec
,
M. Bécoulet
,
E. Benoit
,
E. Benard
,
J.M. Benard
,
N. Bertelli
,
E. Bertrand
,
P. Beyer
,
J. Bielecki
,
P. Bienvenu
,
R. Bisson
,
V. Bobkov
,
G. Bodner
,
C. Bottereau
,
C. Bouchand
,
F. Bouquey
,
C. Bourdelle
,
J. Bourg
,
S. Brezinsek
,
F. Brochard
,
C. Brun
,
V. Bruno
,
H. Bufferand
,
A. Bureau
,
S. Burles
,
Y. Camenen
,
B. Cantone
,
E. Caprin
,
S. Carpentier
,
G. Caulier
,
N. Chanet
,
O. Chellai
,
Y. Chen
,
M. Chernyshova
,
P. Chmielewski
,
W. Choe
,
A. Chomiczewska
,
G. Ciraolo
,
F. Clairet
,
J. Coenen
,
L. Colas
,
G. Colledani
,
J. Colnel
,
P. Coquillat
,
E. Corbel
,
Y. Corre
,
S. Costea
,
X. Courtois
,
T. Czarski
,
R. Daniel
,
J. Daumas
,
M. de Combarieu
,
G. de Temmerman
,
P. de Vries
,
C. Dechelle
,
F. Deguara
,
R. Dejarnac
,
J.M. Delaplanche
,
L.F. Delgado-Aparicio
,
E. Delmas
,
L. Delpech
,
C. Desgranges
,
P. Devynck
,
S. Di Genova
,
R. Diab
,
A. Diallo
,
M. Diez
,
G. Dif-Pradalier
,
M. Dimitrova
,
B. Ding
,
T. Dittmar
,
L. Doceul
,
M. Domenes
,
D. Douai
,
H. Dougnac
,
X. Duan
,
L. Dubus
,
N. Dumas
,
R. Dumont
,
F. Durand
,
A. Durif
,
A. Durocher
,
F. Durodié
,
A. Ekedahl
,
D. Elbeze
,
S. Ertmer
,
A. Escarguel
,
F. Escourbiac
,
K. Ezato
,
F. Faisse
,
N. Faure
,
N. Fedorczak
,
P. Fejoz
,
C. Fenzi-Bonizec
,
F. Ferlay
,
M. Firdaouss
,
L. Fleury
,
D. Flouquet
,
A. Gallo
,
Y. Gao
,
X. Garbet
,
J. Garcia
,
J.L. Gardarein
,
L. Gargiulo
,
P. Garibaldi
,
S. Garitta
,
J. Gaspar
,
E. Gauthier
,
P. Gavila
,
S. Gazzotti
,
F. Gely
,
M. Geynet
,
S. Gharafi
,
P. Ghendrih
,
I. Giacalone
,
C. Gil
,
S. Ginoux
,
S. Girard
,
E. Giroux
,
G. Giruzzi
,
C. Goletto
,
M. Goniche
,
T. Gray
,
E. Grelier
,
H. Greuner
,
E. Grigore
,
C. Grisolia
,
A. Grosjean
,
A. Grosman
,
D. Guibert
,
D. Guilhem
,
C. Guillemaut
,
B. Guillermin
,
R. Guirlet
,
J.P. Gunn
,
Y. Gunsu
,
T. Gyergyek
,
A. Hakola
,
J. Harris
,
J.C. Hatchressian
,
W. Helou
,
P. Hennequin
(2)
,
C. Hernandez
,
K. Hill
,
J. Hillairet
,
T. Hirai
,
G.T. Hoang
,
M. Houry
,
T. Hutter
,
F. Imbeaux
,
N. Imbert
,
I. Ivanova-Stanik
,
R. Jalageas
,
A. Jardin
,
L. Jaubert
,
G. Jiolat
,
A. Jonas
,
P. Joubert
,
A. Kirschner
,
C. Klepper
,
M. Komm
,
M. Koubiti
,
J. Kovacic
,
M. Kozeiha
,
K. Krieger
,
K. Krol
,
B. Lacroix
,
L. Laguardia
,
V. Lamaison
,
H. Laqua
,
C. Lau
,
Y. Lausenaz
,
R. Lé
,
M. Le Bohec
,
N. Lefevre
,
N. Lemoine
,
E. Lerche
,
M. Lewerentz
,
Y. Li
,
M. Li
,
A. Liang
,
P. Linczuk
,
C. Linsmeier
,
M. Lipa
,
X. Litaudon
,
X. Liu
,
J. Llorens
,
T. Loarer
,
A. Loarte
,
T. Loewenhoff
,
G. Lombard
,
J. Lore
,
P. Lorenzetto
,
P. Lotte
,
M. Lozano
,
B. Lu
,
R. Lunsford
,
G. Luo
,
P. Magaud
,
P. Maget
,
J.F. Mahieu
,
P. Maini
,
P. Malard
,
K. Malinowski
,
P. Manas
,
L. Manenc
,
Y. Marandet
,
J.L. Marechal
,
S. Marek
,
C. Martin
,
E. Martin
,
A. Martinez
,
P. Martino
,
D. Mazon
,
P. Messina
,
L. Meunier
,
D. Midou
,
Y. Mineo
,
M. Missilian
,
R. Mitteau
,
B. Mitu
,
P. Mollard
,
V. Moncada
,
T. Mondiere
,
J. Morales
,
M. Moreau
,
P. Moreau
,
Y Moudden
,
G. Moureau
,
D. Mouyon
,
M. Muraglia
,
A. Nagy
,
T. Nakano
,
E. Nardon
,
A. Neff
,
F. Nespoli
,
J. Nichols
,
S. Nicollet
,
R. Nouailletas
,
M. Ono
,
V. Ostuni
,
C. Parish
,
H. Park
,
H. Parrat
,
J.Y. Pascal
,
B. Pégourié
,
F.P. Pellissier
,
Y. Peneliau
,
M. Peret
,
Y. Peysson
,
E. Pignoly
,
G. Pintsuk
,
R. Pitts
,
C. Pocheau
,
C. Portafaix
,
M. Poulos
,
P. Prochet
,
A. Puig Sitjes
,
M. Rasinski
,
G. Raup
,
X. Regal-Mezin
,
C. Reux
,
B. Riccardi
,
J. Rice
,
M. Richou
,
F. Rigollet
,
H. Roche
,
J. Romazanov
,
C. Ruset
,
R. Sabot
,
A. Saille
,
R. Sakamoto
,
T. Salmon
,
F. Samaille
,
A. Santagiustina
,
B. Santraine
,
Y. Sarazin
,
E. Serre
,
H. Shin
,
S. Shiraiwai
,
Ja. Signoret
,
Je. Signoret
,
A. Simonin
,
O. Skalli Fettachi
,
Y. Song
,
A. Spring
,
P. Spuig
,
S. Sridhar
,
B. Stratton
,
C. Talatizi
,
P. Tamain
,
R. Tatali
,
M. Téna
,
A. Torre
,
L. Toulouse
,
J.M. Travère
,
W. Treutterer
,
E. Tsitrone
,
E. Unterberg
,
G. Urbanczyk
,
D. van Eester
,
G. van Rooij
,
S. Vartanian
,
J.M. Verger
,
L. Vermare
(2)
,
D. Vézinet
,
N. Vignal
,
B. Vincent
,
S. Vives
,
D. Volpe
,
G. Wallace
,
E. Wang
,
L. Wang
,
Yi. Wang
,
Yo. Wang
,
T. Wauters
,
B. Wirth
,
M. Wirtz
,
A. Wojenski
,
J. Wright
,
M. Xu
,
Q. Yang
,
H. Yang
,
B. Zago
,
B. Zhang
,
X. Zhang
,
X. Zou
O. Agullo
- Function : Author
T. Alarcon
- Function : Author
L. Allegretti
- Function : Author
H. Ancher
- Function : Author
G. Antar
- Function : Author
S. Antusch
- Function : Author
V. Anzallo
- Function : Author
C. Arnas
- Function : Author
D. Arranger
- Function : Author
J.F. Artaud
- Function : Author
M.H. Aumeunier
- Function : Author
S.G. Baek
- Function : Author
X. Bai
- Function : Author
J. Balbin
- Function : Author
C. Balorin
- Function : Author
T. Barbui
- Function : Author
A. Barbuti
- Function : Author
J. Barlerin
- Function : Author
V. Basiuk
- Function : Author
T. Batal
- Function : Author
O. Baulaigue
- Function : Author
A. Bec
- Function : Author
M. Bécoulet
- Function : Author
E. Benoit
- Function : Author
E. Benard
- Function : Author
J.M. Benard
- Function : Author
N. Bertelli
- Function : Author
E. Bertrand
- Function : Author
P. Beyer
- Function : Author
J. Bielecki
- Function : Author
P. Bienvenu
- Function : Author
R. Bisson
- Function : Author
V. Bobkov
- Function : Author
G. Bodner
- Function : Author
C. Bottereau
- Function : Author
C. Bouchand
- Function : Author
F. Bouquey
- Function : Author
C. Bourdelle
- Function : Author
J. Bourg
- Function : Author
S. Brezinsek
- Function : Author
F. Brochard
- Function : Author
C. Brun
- Function : Author
V. Bruno
- Function : Author
H. Bufferand
- Function : Author
A. Bureau
- Function : Author
S. Burles
- Function : Author
Y. Camenen
- Function : Author
B. Cantone
- Function : Author
E. Caprin
- Function : Author
S. Carpentier
- Function : Author
G. Caulier
- Function : Author
N. Chanet
- Function : Author
O. Chellai
- Function : Author
Y. Chen
- Function : Author
M. Chernyshova
- Function : Author
P. Chmielewski
- Function : Author
W. Choe
- Function : Author
A. Chomiczewska
- Function : Author
G. Ciraolo
- Function : Author
F. Clairet
- Function : Author
J. Coenen
- Function : Author
L. Colas
- Function : Author
G. Colledani
- Function : Author
J. Colnel
- Function : Author
P. Coquillat
- Function : Author
E. Corbel
- Function : Author
Y. Corre
- Function : Author
S. Costea
- Function : Author
X. Courtois
- Function : Author
T. Czarski
- Function : Author
R. Daniel
- Function : Author
J. Daumas
- Function : Author
M. de Combarieu
- Function : Author
G. de Temmerman
- Function : Author
P. de Vries
- Function : Author
C. Dechelle
- Function : Author
F. Deguara
- Function : Author
R. Dejarnac
- Function : Author
J.M. Delaplanche
- Function : Author
L.F. Delgado-Aparicio
- Function : Author
E. Delmas
- Function : Author
L. Delpech
- Function : Author
C. Desgranges
- Function : Author
P. Devynck
- Function : Author
S. Di Genova
- Function : Author
R. Diab
- Function : Author
A. Diallo
- Function : Author
M. Diez
- Function : Author
G. Dif-Pradalier
- Function : Author
M. Dimitrova
- Function : Author
B. Ding
- Function : Author
T. Dittmar
- Function : Author
L. Doceul
- Function : Author
M. Domenes
- Function : Author
D. Douai
- Function : Author
H. Dougnac
- Function : Author
X. Duan
- Function : Author
L. Dubus
- Function : Author
N. Dumas
- Function : Author
R. Dumont
- Function : Author
F. Durand
- Function : Author
A. Durif
- Function : Author
A. Durocher
- Function : Author
F. Durodié
- Function : Author
A. Ekedahl
- Function : Author
D. Elbeze
- Function : Author
S. Ertmer
- Function : Author
A. Escarguel
- Function : Author
F. Escourbiac
- Function : Author
K. Ezato
- Function : Author
F. Faisse
- Function : Author
N. Faure
- Function : Author
N. Fedorczak
- Function : Author
P. Fejoz
- Function : Author
C. Fenzi-Bonizec
- Function : Author
F. Ferlay
- Function : Author
M. Firdaouss
- Function : Author
L. Fleury
- Function : Author
D. Flouquet
- Function : Author
A. Gallo
- Function : Author
Y. Gao
- Function : Author
X. Garbet
- Function : Author
J. Garcia
- Function : Author
J.L. Gardarein
- Function : Author
L. Gargiulo
- Function : Author
P. Garibaldi
- Function : Author
S. Garitta
- Function : Author
J. Gaspar
- Function : Author
E. Gauthier
- Function : Author
P. Gavila
- Function : Author
S. Gazzotti
- Function : Author
F. Gely
- Function : Author
M. Geynet
- Function : Author
S. Gharafi
- Function : Author
P. Ghendrih
- Function : Author
I. Giacalone
- Function : Author
C. Gil
- Function : Author
S. Ginoux
- Function : Author
S. Girard
- Function : Author
E. Giroux
- Function : Author
G. Giruzzi
- Function : Author
C. Goletto
- Function : Author
M. Goniche
- Function : Author
T. Gray
- Function : Author
E. Grelier
- Function : Author
H. Greuner
- Function : Author
E. Grigore
- Function : Author
C. Grisolia
- Function : Author
A. Grosjean
- Function : Author
A. Grosman
- Function : Author
D. Guibert
- Function : Author
D. Guilhem
- Function : Author
C. Guillemaut
- Function : Author
B. Guillermin
- Function : Author
R. Guirlet
- Function : Author
J.P. Gunn
- Function : Author
Y. Gunsu
- Function : Author
T. Gyergyek
- Function : Author
A. Hakola
- Function : Author
J. Harris
- Function : Author
J.C. Hatchressian
- Function : Author
W. Helou
- Function : Author
P. Hennequin
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 178441
- IdHAL : hennequin-p
- ORCID : 0000-0002-4848-4898
- IdRef : 158535766
C. Hernandez
- Function : Author
K. Hill
- Function : Author
J. Hillairet
- Function : Author
T. Hirai
- Function : Author
G.T. Hoang
- Function : Author
M. Houry
- Function : Author
T. Hutter
- Function : Author
F. Imbeaux
- Function : Author
N. Imbert
- Function : Author
I. Ivanova-Stanik
- Function : Author
R. Jalageas
- Function : Author
A. Jardin
- Function : Author
L. Jaubert
- Function : Author
G. Jiolat
- Function : Author
A. Jonas
- Function : Author
P. Joubert
- Function : Author
A. Kirschner
- Function : Author
C. Klepper
- Function : Author
M. Komm
- Function : Author
M. Koubiti
- Function : Author
J. Kovacic
- Function : Author
M. Kozeiha
- Function : Author
K. Krieger
- Function : Author
K. Krol
- Function : Author
B. Lacroix
- Function : Author
L. Laguardia
- Function : Author
V. Lamaison
- Function : Author
H. Laqua
- Function : Author
C. Lau
- Function : Author
Y. Lausenaz
- Function : Author
R. Lé
- Function : Author
M. Le Bohec
- Function : Author
N. Lefevre
- Function : Author
N. Lemoine
- Function : Author
E. Lerche
- Function : Author
M. Lewerentz
- Function : Author
Y. Li
- Function : Author
M. Li
- Function : Author
A. Liang
- Function : Author
P. Linczuk
- Function : Author
C. Linsmeier
- Function : Author
M. Lipa
- Function : Author
X. Litaudon
- Function : Author
X. Liu
- Function : Author
J. Llorens
- Function : Author
T. Loarer
- Function : Author
A. Loarte
- Function : Author
T. Loewenhoff
- Function : Author
G. Lombard
- Function : Author
J. Lore
- Function : Author
P. Lorenzetto
- Function : Author
P. Lotte
- Function : Author
M. Lozano
- Function : Author
B. Lu
- Function : Author
R. Lunsford
- Function : Author
G. Luo
- Function : Author
P. Magaud
- Function : Author
P. Maget
- Function : Author
J.F. Mahieu
- Function : Author
P. Maini
- Function : Author
P. Malard
- Function : Author
K. Malinowski
- Function : Author
P. Manas
- Function : Author
L. Manenc
- Function : Author
Y. Marandet
- Function : Author
J.L. Marechal
- Function : Author
S. Marek
- Function : Author
C. Martin
- Function : Author
E. Martin
- Function : Author
A. Martinez
- Function : Author
P. Martino
- Function : Author
D. Mazon
- Function : Author
P. Messina
- Function : Author
L. Meunier
- Function : Author
D. Midou
- Function : Author
Y. Mineo
- Function : Author
M. Missilian
- Function : Author
R. Mitteau
- Function : Author
B. Mitu
- Function : Author
P. Mollard
- Function : Author
V. Moncada
- Function : Author
T. Mondiere
- Function : Author
J. Morales
- Function : Author
M. Moreau
- Function : Author
P. Moreau
- Function : Author
Y Moudden
- Function : Author
G. Moureau
- Function : Author
D. Mouyon
- Function : Author
M. Muraglia
- Function : Author
A. Nagy
- Function : Author
T. Nakano
- Function : Author
E. Nardon
- Function : Author
A. Neff
- Function : Author
F. Nespoli
- Function : Author
J. Nichols
- Function : Author
S. Nicollet
- Function : Author
R. Nouailletas
- Function : Author
M. Ono
- Function : Author
V. Ostuni
- Function : Author
C. Parish
- Function : Author
H. Park
- Function : Author
H. Parrat
- Function : Author
J.Y. Pascal
- Function : Author
B. Pégourié
- Function : Author
F.P. Pellissier
- Function : Author
Y. Peneliau
- Function : Author
M. Peret
- Function : Author
Y. Peysson
- Function : Author
E. Pignoly
- Function : Author
G. Pintsuk
- Function : Author
R. Pitts
- Function : Author
C. Pocheau
- Function : Author
C. Portafaix
- Function : Author
M. Poulos
- Function : Author
P. Prochet
- Function : Author
A. Puig Sitjes
- Function : Author
M. Rasinski
- Function : Author
G. Raup
- Function : Author
X. Regal-Mezin
- Function : Author
C. Reux
- Function : Author
B. Riccardi
- Function : Author
J. Rice
- Function : Author
M. Richou
- Function : Author
F. Rigollet
- Function : Author
H. Roche
- Function : Author
J. Romazanov
- Function : Author
C. Ruset
- Function : Author
R. Sabot
- Function : Author
A. Saille
- Function : Author
R. Sakamoto
- Function : Author
T. Salmon
- Function : Author
F. Samaille
- Function : Author
A. Santagiustina
- Function : Author
B. Santraine
- Function : Author
Y. Sarazin
- Function : Author
E. Serre
- Function : Author
H. Shin
- Function : Author
S. Shiraiwai
- Function : Author
Ja. Signoret
- Function : Author
Je. Signoret
- Function : Author
A. Simonin
- Function : Author
O. Skalli Fettachi
- Function : Author
Y. Song
- Function : Author
A. Spring
- Function : Author
P. Spuig
- Function : Author
S. Sridhar
- Function : Author
B. Stratton
- Function : Author
C. Talatizi
- Function : Author
P. Tamain
- Function : Author
R. Tatali
- Function : Author
M. Téna
- Function : Author
A. Torre
- Function : Author
L. Toulouse
- Function : Author
J.M. Travère
- Function : Author
W. Treutterer
- Function : Author
E. Tsitrone
- Function : Author
E. Unterberg
- Function : Author
G. Urbanczyk
- Function : Author
D. van Eester
- Function : Author
G. van Rooij
- Function : Author
S. Vartanian
- Function : Author
J.M. Verger
- Function : Author
L. Vermare
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 180316
- IdHAL : laure-vermare
- ORCID : 0000-0002-3090-2713
- IdRef : 094996644
D. Vézinet
- Function : Author
N. Vignal
- Function : Author
B. Vincent
- Function : Author
S. Vives
- Function : Author
D. Volpe
- Function : Author
G. Wallace
- Function : Author
E. Wang
- Function : Author
L. Wang
- Function : Author
Yi. Wang
- Function : Author
Yo. Wang
- Function : Author
T. Wauters
- Function : Author
B. Wirth
- Function : Author
M. Wirtz
- Function : Author
A. Wojenski
- Function : Author
J. Wright
- Function : Author
M. Xu
- Function : Author
Q. Yang
- Function : Author
H. Yang
- Function : Author
B. Zago
- Function : Author
B. Zhang
- Function : Author
X. Zhang
- Function : Author
X. Zou
- Function : Author
Abstract
Abstract WEST is an MA class superconducting, actively cooled, full tungsten (W) tokamak, designed to operate in long pulses up to 1000 s. In support of ITER operation and DEMO conceptual activities, key missions of WEST are: (i) qualification of high heat flux plasma-facing components in integrating both technological and physics aspects in relevant heat and particle exhaust conditions, particularly for the tungsten monoblocks foreseen in ITER divertor; (ii) integrated steady-state operation at high confinement, with a focus on power exhaust issues. During the phase 1 of operation (2017–2020), a set of actively cooled ITER-grade plasma facing unit prototypes was integrated into the inertially cooled W coated startup lower divertor. Up to 8.8 MW of RF power has been coupled to the plasma and divertor heat flux of up to 6 MW m −2 were reached. Long pulse operation was started, using the upper actively cooled divertor, with a discharge of about 1 min achieved. This paper gives an overview of the results achieved in phase 1. Perspectives for phase 2, operating with the full capability of the device with the complete ITER-grade actively cooled lower divertor, are also described.