%0 Journal Article %T Direct Experimental Evidence of Halide Ionic Migration under Bias in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3−x Cl x ‑Based Perovskite Solar Cells Using GD-OES Analysis %+ Laboratoire de physique des interfaces et des couches minces [Palaiseau] (LPICM) %+ HORIBA France SAS [Villeneuve d'Ascq] %+ Laboratoire Innovation en Chimie des Surfaces et NanoSciences (LICSEN UMR 3685) %A Lee, Heejae %A Gaiaschi, Sofia %A Chapon, Patrick %A Marronnier, Arthur %A Lee, Heeryung %A Vanel, Jean-Charles %A Tondelier, Denis %A Boureé, Jean-Eric %A Bonnassieux, Yvan %A Geffroy, Bernard %< avec comité de lecture %@ 2380-8195 %J ACS Energy Letters %I American Chemical Society %V 2 %P 943 - 949 %8 2017-04-14 %D 2017 %R 10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00150 %Z Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry %Z Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex] %Z Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th]Journal articles %X In recent decades, the development of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been increasing very quickly due to their high initial efficiency and low-cost process. However, key points such as crystal growth mechanisms, current–voltage hysteresis, and instability remain still unexplained or misunderstood. Among several possibilities, ionic migration in PSCs has been suggested to explain the hysteresis effect. However, direct experimental evidence of ionic migration under operation or measurement conditions of PSCs is still missing. This work shows directly the ionic migration of halogen components (I– and Cl–) of a CH3NH3PbI3–xClx perovskite film under an applied bias using glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES). Furthermore, no migration of lead and nitrogen ions is observed on a polarization time scale less than 2 min. The ratio of fixed to mobile iodide ions is deduced from the evolution of the GD-OES profile lines as a function of the applied bias. The average length of iodide and chloride ion migration is deduced from the experimental results. %G English %L cea-01510777 %U https://cea.hal.science/cea-01510777 %~ CEA %~ X %~ CNRS %~ X-PICM %~ X-DEP %~ X-DEP-PHYS %~ LPICM %~ PUBNIMBE %~ INC-CNRS %~ IRAMIS-NIMBE %~ CEA-UPSAY %~ UNIV-PARIS-SACLAY %~ CEA-UPSAY-SACLAY %~ X-SACLAY %~ TEST-HALCNRS %~ ANR %~ GS-ENGINEERING %~ IRAMIS %~ GS-CHIMIE %~ GS-PHYSIQUE %~ INSTITUT-SCIENCES-LUMIERE